IGNOU MSO 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22
MSO 003 Sociology of Development Solved Assignment 2021-22
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of Development Solved Assignment 2021-22 available here , students can get all
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Answer any five
questions selecting at least two from each of the sections. Your answers should
be in about 500 words each.
Section –I
1.Differentiate between the terms
growth, development and modernisation.
Answer-The events leading up to
the Second World War and the war itself had a profound impact on political and
economic structures. The main impact was the emergence of a bi-polar world
order, with the rise of a communist power, the USSR, on the one side and the
United States as leader of the liberal capitalist system on the other. The US had
emerged from the war as the strongest economy, enjoying rapid growth and
capital accumulation and saw itself as leader of the emerging monetary and
economic system in the capitalist world.A major early objective of the US was
to assist Europe's recovery and lay the foundations of a new economic and
political order, while containing the spread of communism in Western Europe. It
was felt that institutions were needed that were able to create functioning,
liberal market economies and order the economic, social, and political
development in a post-war world. Amongst other things, the Bretton Woods
conference of 1944 saw the establishment of the International Monetary Fund,
and the International Bank (IMF) for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD or
World Bank). Initially, these institutions were tasked with providing the
loans, credits, and investment necessary for Europe's post-war reconstruction
and preventing a backlash into depression. As former colonies of European
powers achieved independence from the 1950s onwards, these two institutions
started to get more involved in broader international development.Meanwhile,
the United Nations (UN) came into existence in October 1945 with the goal of
creating a wider and more permanent system of global security. In addition to
maintaining peace and security, other important objectives included developing
friendly relations among countries based on respect for the principles of equal
rights and self-determination of peoples; achieving worldwide co-operation to
solve international economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems;
respecting and promoting human rights; and serving as a centre where countries
could co-ordinate their actions and activities toward these various ends. To
help it carry out its mandate, the UN established a number of specialised
agencies, including the World Health Organization (WHO), the International
Labour Organisation (ILO), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO), United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP), and the International Atomic Energy Authority
(IAEA). Most of these were established around the end of the Second World War,
for example, the ILO and UNESCO in 1944, WHO in 1946, and IAEA in 1957.For much
of the past half century, the World Bank and IMF on the one hand and the UN
system (led by UNDP) on the other, have stood as the two main poles of the
international development system. At times, the relationship between them has
been principally one of tension, with the Washington institutions emphasising
market-led economic growth and the UN system championing human and social
development. Arguably, however, the Millennium Development Goals represent an
attempt at a consensus between them.
2.Critically evaluate the historical
stage perspective on modernization.
Answer-Modernization
theory refers to a body of theory that became prominent in the 1950s and 1960s
in relation to understanding issues of economic and social development and in
creating policies that would assist economic and social transitions in poorer
countries. The various components of modernization theory received critiques
from the outset but their influence within policy making endured for a
significant period of time. The set of theories that tried to interpret the
process of modernization in the 1950s and 1960s was by no means a coherent set
of ideas. Rather it constituted a wide variety of theories that emerged from a
range of social science disciplines – as well as countries and
universities. Many subsequent critiques of modernization theory have not fully examined
the wide and varied range of contributions, preferring to focus on one or two
prime candidates for their analysis. This article examines a greater range of
modernization theorists than normally come under scrutiny. It argues that the
most significant contributions in modernization theory came from economic
theorists, on the one hand, and sociologists, on the other. The aim is to
reevaluate modernization theory and to reexamine these literatures in terms of
two categories – the economic and sociological versions. Social welfare
comparisons are limited to about 20 advanced nations, and focus on two major
questions: What explains national differences in welfare effort and welfare
state type? And what are the distributional consequences of social policy
variations? As to the former, the debate concerns the relative importance of
political mobilization over structural change, governmental structure (like
federalism), nations' international vulnerability, and differences in
nation-building and democratization. There exists no clear consensus as to
the most compelling force, and such a consensus is unlikely ever to emerge
given that there are too few cases for comparison. Nonetheless, on empirical
grounds a ‘politics-driven’ explanation seems to enjoy strong support. As to
the second question, research arrives at much greater consensus. Distributional
outcomes, measured in terms of income distribution or poverty, are clearly more
egalitarian the larger the welfare state, and the smaller is the role of
private welfare. An additionally important dimension, gender equality, is
however more related to welfare states' commitment to servicing families and
the extent to which entitlements are individualized. A central claim of modernization
theory is that economic development, cultural change, and political change
go together in coherent, and to some extent, predictable patterns. Once a
society starts to industrialize, a variety of related changes become almost
inevitable, such as urbanization and bureaucratization, and eventually,
changing gender roles. These consequences are not iron laws of history,
but the probability is high that they will occur, once a society has embarked
upon industrialization.
Industrialization
also brings ‘social mobilization,’ or rising levels of mass participation. As
Daniel Lerner (1958) and Karl Deutsch (1961) pointed out, urbanized populations
are easier to organize than a scattered peasantry and a literate
public finds it easier to keep in touch with what is happening on the national
scene, becoming increasingly articulate. With social mobilization, a growing
proportion of the population becomes politically relevant. Representative
democracy becomes possible but not inevitable: throughout most of the twentieth
century, it was unclear whether fascism, communism, or democracy
would triumph. All three of these systems mobilized mass political
participation, but the fascist and communist versions did so in the service of
one-party authoritarian systems.
3.What is the relationship between
Gender and Development?
Answer-Discuss.Critically
evaluate the liberal perspective on development.C.B. Macpherson has criticised
liberalism on the ground that it promotes “possessive individualism”, meaning
individuals with little social or collective concerns. The socialist critique
of the liberal perspective is based on the interpretation of inequality and
social justice. It has been argued that the economic order, characterised by
inequality would promote further inequality and social injustice in an
atmosphere of free market competition. The criticism of classical liberalism
also came from within the liberal circle; Keynens, for example, came out with a
critique of the classical liberalism of Ricardo, Mill and Bentham, and proposed
state-welfarism for the protection of the working class’s interests.Sociologists
have critiqued the idea of the individual autonomous self as absurd; they have
also rejected the possibility of neutral rule which would guarantee the
promotion of equal opportunities for all, a precondition of individual liberty.
Historically, there has never been a free-market economy, absolutely free of
the control of the state. Even now when in the 1980s and 1990s neo-liberalism
has made a strong comeback, pushing the idea of state- welfarism to the back
seat, there have been renewed talks on the protection of the rights of victims
of neo- liberal economics.The liberal approach has devised an elaborate
arrangement of labour control which entails “some mix of repression,
habituation, co-option and cooperation all of which have to be organised not
only within the workplace but throughout society at large”, and is supported by
the formation of dominant ideologies. The liberal approach that consolidated
capitalism worldwide has passed through “regimes of accumulation”, to borrow
Boyer’s phrase. According to Boyer, the “regimes of accumulation” designates
“the set of regularities that ensure the general and relatively coherent
progress of capital accumulation, that is, which allow for the resolution or
postponement of the distortions and disequilibria to which the process
continually gives rise”. A “regime of accumulation”, Lipietz writes, describes
the stabilisation over a long period of the allocation of the net product
between the transformations of the conditions of both the conditions of
reproduction of wage-earners.A regime of accumulation thus implies the
co-ordination of the activities of all sorts of social agents, or in other
words institutionalisation, in the form of ‘norms, habits, laws, regulating
networks and so on that ensure unity of the process … [and]… This body of
interiorised rules and social processes is [what is] called the mode of
regulation”. The liberal approach has thus been accompanied by an elaborate
arrangement for legitimising and reproduction of the economy, embedded in a
legal and social arrangement that facilitated reproduction of the
self-regulated economy or the liberal economy.The triumph of the free market
economy was possible not by cutting the state down to size but with an
elaborate social, cultural and political arrangement under the patronage of
state and an elaborate arrangement of management of the labour force.
Hollingsworth and Boyer have aptly referred to this mechanism as “social system
of production.
4.Critically evaluate the liberal
perspective on development
Section-II
5.Critically evaluate the extent of
digital divide in India.
6.Write a
note on ICT Revolution in India.
Answer-
“Information and Communication Technology” is big revolution in Indian farming
community regarding the information about Agriculture production and market
linkages between farmer and Mandis. It is great initiative which has been taken
by the government of India. In 2013 the revenue of the Indian ICT sector was
valued at US$ 108 billion and it is expected to reach the US$ 225 billion
landmark by 2020. The industry performance this year demonstrated the sector’s
ability to innovate and deliver differently, in order to maintain the growth
trajectory.It is part of e-agriculture which is developing and applying
innovative ways to use ICTS in the rural farmer or marginal farmers which helps
to link them with APMC. The importance of agricultural extension in providing
the relevant information, technology and knowledge to the farmers and creating
the enabling environment to increase production and productivity is quite
clear, as mandated under the National Agricultural Extension Policy (NAEP).The
IT sector has helped transform India’s image to a global IT player and been a
driver of higher education. The industry is expected to reach a revenue of USD
225 billion in 2020. Today, the revenue of the sector is USD 108 billion. The
distribution between the sub-sectors is that telecom services accounts for 44 %
of revenue, IT services accounts for 24 %, devices are responsible for 17 % of
the revenue, while enterprise software only accounts for 7 % of total revenue
but has the highest growth rate of 6, 8 %. In 2013, the overall spending grew
with 4, 2 %. However, it is expected the growth will decline to 3, 8 % in 2014.
The IT sector contributed with 8% of the GDP in India, a significant increase
from 1, 2% in 1998 India is a key player in the global ICT world. India’s total
IT industry (including hardware) share in the global market stands at 9%. In
the IT segment the share is 6% while in the ICTS space the share is 2%.
India’s IT and BPO sector exports are expected to grow by 12-14 per cent in
FY14 to touch USD 84 billion – USD 87 billion. In 2012-13, it is estimated that
IT exports reached 75 billion which was a 10% increase. The growth of ICT
sector helps in growth of GDP in India, the form of exports and imports of
agriculture commodities its helps to rural farmers about the current price of near
market and farmers have option about the price on which farmers easily they can
compare the price of different Mandi. There is some challenges which is
affecting to ICT in farming during the poor networking and some individual
problem which farmers was facing like no electricity poor connectivity with
Telecom Company these are the major problems which affects the steps of ICT in
India. ICT is big step which has been taken by the our government, where
farmers are getting basic information, and as all though some other sector is
developing drastically and our agriculture sector how it could be the last in
21st century. There are major challenges or risk are involved in this term but
it would be good for future of Indian Farmers.
7.Explain the main features of
globalisation.
Answer-The
progress of industrial revolution in the 20th century was accompanied by a
replacement of the police state by a welfare state. The state came to be an
active actor in the economic life of the society. In the socialist states, state
ownership of means of production and distribution became the rule.State-controlled
command economies were operationalised and regarded as the best means for rapid
socio-economic development. In several other countries, nationalisation of key
industries and enterprises was undertaken with a view to provide goods and
services to the people. State began performing several socio-economic
functions.India, like several other new states, adopted a mixed economic model.
Ownership and control over key industries was entrusted to the public sector.
It was deemed essential for securing a better mobilisation of resources and for
providing better services to the people. State regulation of economy and
industry was practiced and the public sector was patronised by the state.
Private sector was given a lesser role in the economic system. Globalisation is
the concept of securing real social, economic, political and cultural
transformation of the world into a real global community. Globalisation
involves a conscious and active process of expanding business and trade across
the borders of all the states.It stands for expanding cross-border facilities
and linkages leading to an integration of economic interests and lives of the
people living in all parts of the world. The objective of making the world a
truly interrelated, inter-dependent, developed global community governs the
process of Globalisation. In the words of Baylis and Smith, “Globalisation is
the process whereby social relations acquire relatively distance-less and
borderless qualities.”In simple words, Globalisation means securing of
socio-economic integration and development of all the people of the world
through a free flow of goods, services, information, knowledge and people
across the borders of all states. In a globalized economy, countries specialize
in the products and services they have a competitive advantage in. This
generally means what they can produce and provide most efficiently, with the
least amount of resources, at a lower cost than competing nations. If all
countries are specializing in what they do best, production should be more
efficient worldwide, prices should be lower, economic growth widespread and all
countries should benefit -- in theory.Policies that promote free trade, open
borders and international cooperation all drive economic globalization. They
enable businesses to access lower priced raw materials and parts, take
advantage of lower cost labor markets and access larger and growing markets
around the world in which to sell their goods and services.Money, products,
materials, information and people flow more swiftly across national boundaries
today than ever. Advances in technology have enabled and accelerated this flow
and the resulting international interactions and dependencies. These technological
advances have been especially pronounced in transportation and telecommunications.Among
the recent technological changes that have played a role in globalization are
the following:Internet and internet communication. The internet has
increased the sharing and flow of information and knowledge, access to ideas
and exchange of culture among people of different countries. It has contributed
to closing the digital divide between more and less advanced
countries.
8. Examine the concerns of developing
countries regarding trade liberalisation.
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