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IGNOU MSO 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22

 

MSO 003 Sociology of Development Solved Assignment 2021-22

All MSO 001 Sociological of Development Solved Assignment 2021-22 available here , students can get all their assignments in free of cost. It helps students to get more marks.

Answer any five questions selecting at least two from each of the sections. Your answers should be in about 500 words each.

Section –I

1.Differentiate between the terms growth, development and          modernisation.

Answer-The events leading up to the Second World War and the war itself had a profound impact on political and economic structures. The main impact was the emergence of a bi-polar world order, with the rise of a communist power, the USSR, on the one side and the United States as leader of the liberal capitalist system on the other. The US had emerged from the war as the strongest economy, enjoying rapid growth and capital accumulation and saw itself as leader of the emerging monetary and economic system in the capitalist world.A major early objective of the US was to assist Europe's recovery and lay the foundations of a new economic and political order, while containing the spread of communism in Western Europe. It was felt that institutions were needed that were able to create functioning, liberal market economies and order the economic, social, and political development in a post-war world. Amongst other things, the Bretton Woods conference of 1944 saw the establishment of the International Monetary Fund, and the International Bank (IMF) for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD or World Bank). Initially, these institutions were tasked with providing the loans, credits, and investment necessary for Europe's post-war reconstruction and preventing a backlash into depression. As former colonies of European powers achieved independence from the 1950s onwards, these two institutions started to get more involved in broader international development.Meanwhile, the United Nations (UN) came into existence in October 1945 with the goal of creating a wider and more permanent system of global security. In addition to maintaining peace and security, other important objectives included developing friendly relations among countries based on respect for the principles of equal rights and self-determination of peoples; achieving worldwide co-operation to solve international economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems; respecting and promoting human rights; and serving as a centre where countries could co-ordinate their actions and activities toward these various ends. To help it carry out its mandate, the UN established a number of specialised agencies, including the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Labour Organisation (ILO), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and the International Atomic Energy Authority (IAEA). Most of these were established around the end of the Second World War, for example, the ILO and UNESCO in 1944, WHO in 1946, and IAEA in 1957.For much of the past half century, the World Bank and IMF on the one hand and the UN system (led by UNDP) on the other, have stood as the two main poles of the international development system. At times, the relationship between them has been principally one of tension, with the Washington institutions emphasising market-led economic growth and the UN system championing human and social development. Arguably, however, the Millennium Development Goals represent an attempt at a consensus between them.



2.Critically evaluate the historical stage perspective on modernization.

Answer-Modernization theory refers to a body of theory that became prominent in the 1950s and 1960s in relation to understanding issues of economic and social development and in creating policies that would assist economic and social transitions in poorer countries. The various components of modernization theory received critiques from the outset but their influence within policy making endured for a significant period of time. The set of theories that tried to interpret the process of modernization in the 1950s and 1960s was by no means a coherent set of ideas. Rather it constituted a wide variety of theories that emerged from a range of social science disciplines – as well as countries and universities. Many subsequent critiques of modernization theory have not fully examined the wide and varied range of contributions, preferring to focus on one or two prime candidates for their analysis. This article examines a greater range of modernization theorists than normally come under scrutiny. It argues that the most significant contributions in modernization theory came from economic theorists, on the one hand, and sociologists, on the other. The aim is to reevaluate modernization theory and to reexamine these literatures in terms of two categories – the economic and sociological versions. Social welfare comparisons are limited to about 20 advanced nations, and focus on two major questions: What explains national differences in welfare effort and welfare state type? And what are the distributional consequences of social policy variations? As to the former, the debate concerns the relative importance of political mobilization over structural change, governmental structure (like federalism), nations' international vulnerability, and differences in nation-building and democratization. There exists no clear consensus as to the most compelling force, and such a consensus is unlikely ever to emerge given that there are too few cases for comparison. Nonetheless, on empirical grounds a ‘politics-driven’ explanation seems to enjoy strong support. As to the second question, research arrives at much greater consensus. Distributional outcomes, measured in terms of income distribution or poverty, are clearly more egalitarian the larger the welfare state, and the smaller is the role of private welfare. An additionally important dimension, gender equality, is however more related to welfare states' commitment to servicing families and the extent to which entitlements are individualized. A central claim of modernization theory is that economic development, cultural change, and political change go together in coherent, and to some extent, predictable patterns. Once a society starts to industrialize, a variety of related changes become almost inevitable, such as urbanization and bureaucratization, and eventually, changing gender roles. These consequences are not iron laws of history, but the probability is high that they will occur, once a society has embarked upon industrialization.

Industrialization also brings ‘social mobilization,’ or rising levels of mass participation. As Daniel Lerner (1958) and Karl Deutsch (1961) pointed out, urbanized populations are easier to organize than a scattered peasantry and a literate public finds it easier to keep in touch with what is happening on the national scene, becoming increasingly articulate. With social mobilization, a growing proportion of the population becomes politically relevant. Representative democracy becomes possible but not inevitable: throughout most of the twentieth century, it was unclear whether fascism, communism, or democracy would triumph. All three of these systems mobilized mass political participation, but the fascist and communist versions did so in the service of one-party authoritarian systems.

 

3.What is the relationship between Gender and Development?  

Answer-Discuss.Critically evaluate the liberal perspective on development.C.B. Macpherson has criticised liberalism on the ground that it promotes “possessive individualism”, meaning individuals with little social or collective concerns. The socialist critique of the liberal perspective is based on the interpretation of inequality and social justice. It has been argued that the economic order, characterised by inequality would promote further inequality and social injustice in an atmosphere of free market competition. The criticism of classical liberalism also came from within the liberal circle; Keynens, for example, came out with a critique of the classical liberalism of Ricardo, Mill and Bentham, and proposed state-welfarism for the protection of the working class’s interests.Sociologists have critiqued the idea of the individual autonomous self as absurd; they have also rejected the possibility of neutral rule which would guarantee the promotion of equal opportunities for all, a precondition of individual liberty. Historically, there has never been a free-market economy, absolutely free of the control of the state. Even now when in the 1980s and 1990s neo-liberalism has made a strong comeback, pushing the idea of state- welfarism to the back seat, there have been renewed talks on the protection of the rights of victims of neo- liberal economics.The liberal approach has devised an elaborate arrangement of labour control which entails “some mix of repression, habituation, co-option and co­operation all of which have to be organised not only within the workplace but throughout society at large”, and is supported by the formation of dominant ideologies. The liberal approach that consolidated capitalism worldwide has passed through “regimes of accumulation”, to borrow Boyer’s phrase. According to Boyer, the “regimes of accumulation” designates “the set of regularities that ensure the general and relatively coherent progress of capital accumulation, that is, which allow for the resolution or postponement of the distortions and disequilibria to which the process continually gives rise”. A “regime of accumulation”, Lipietz writes, describes the stabilisation over a long period of the allocation of the net product between the transformations of the conditions of both the conditions of reproduction of wage-earners.A regime of accumulation thus implies the co-ordination of the activities of all sorts of social agents, or in other words institutionalisation, in the form of ‘norms, habits, laws, regulating networks and so on that ensure unity of the process … [and]… This body of interiorised rules and social processes is [what is] called the mode of regulation”. The liberal approach has thus been accompanied by an elaborate arrangement for legitimising and reproduction of the economy, embedded in a legal and social arrangement that facilitated reproduction of the self-regulated economy or the liberal economy.The triumph of the free market economy was possible not by cutting the state down to size but with an elaborate social, cultural and political arrangement under the patronage of state and an elaborate arrangement of management of the labour force. Hollingsworth and Boyer have aptly referred to this mechanism as “social system of production.

4.Critically evaluate the liberal perspective on development

Section-II

5.Critically evaluate the extent of digital divide in India.

6.Write a note on ICT Revolution in India.

Answer- “Information and Communication Technology” is big revolution in Indian farming community regarding the information about Agriculture production and market linkages between farmer and Mandis. It is great initiative which has been taken by the government of India. In 2013 the revenue of the Indian ICT sector was valued at US$ 108 billion and it is expected to reach the US$ 225 billion landmark by 2020. The industry performance this year demonstrated the sector’s ability to innovate and deliver differently, in order to maintain the growth trajectory.It is part of e-agriculture which is developing and applying innovative ways to use ICTS in the rural farmer or marginal farmers which helps to link them with APMC. The importance of agricultural extension in providing the relevant information, technology and knowledge to the farmers and creating the enabling environment to increase production and productivity is quite clear, as mandated under the National Agricultural Extension Policy (NAEP).The IT sector has helped transform India’s image to a global IT player and been a driver of higher education. The industry is expected to reach a revenue of USD 225 billion in 2020. Today, the revenue of the sector is USD 108 billion. The distribution between the sub-sectors is that telecom services accounts for 44 % of revenue, IT services accounts for 24 %, devices are responsible for 17 % of the revenue, while enterprise software only accounts for 7 % of total revenue but has the highest growth rate of 6, 8 %. In 2013, the overall spending grew with 4, 2 %. However, it is expected the growth will decline to 3, 8 % in 2014. The IT sector contributed with 8% of the GDP in India, a significant increase from 1, 2% in 1998 India is a key player in the global ICT world. India’s total IT industry (including hardware) share in the global market stands at 9%. In the IT segment the share is 6% while in the ICTS space the share is 2%. India’s IT and BPO sector exports are expected to grow by 12-14 per cent in FY14 to touch USD 84 billion – USD 87 billion. In 2012-13, it is estimated that IT exports reached 75 billion which was a 10% increase. The growth of ICT sector helps in growth of GDP in India, the form of exports and imports of agriculture commodities its helps to rural farmers about the current price of near market and farmers have option about the price on which farmers easily they can compare the price of different Mandi. There is some challenges which is affecting to ICT in farming during the poor networking and some individual problem which farmers was facing like no electricity poor connectivity with Telecom Company these are the major problems which affects the steps of ICT in India. ICT is big step which has been taken by the our government, where farmers are getting basic information, and as all though some other sector is developing drastically and our agriculture sector how it could be the last in 21st century. There are major challenges or risk are involved in this term but it would be good for future of Indian Farmers.

7.Explain the main features of globalisation.

Answer-The progress of industrial revolution in the 20th century was accompanied by a replacement of the police state by a welfare state. The state came to be an active actor in the economic life of the society. In the socialist states, state ownership of means of production and distribution became the rule.State-controlled command economies were operationalised and regarded as the best means for rapid socio-economic development. In several other countries, nationalisation of key industries and enterprises was undertaken with a view to provide goods and services to the people. State began performing several socio-economic functions.India, like several other new states, adopted a mixed economic model. Ownership and control over key industries was entrusted to the public sector. It was deemed essential for securing a better mobilisation of resources and for providing better services to the people. State regulation of economy and industry was practiced and the public sector was patronised by the state. Private sector was given a lesser role in the economic system. Globalisation is the concept of securing real social, economic, political and cultural transformation of the world into a real global community. Globalisation involves a conscious and active process of expanding business and trade across the borders of all the states.It stands for expanding cross-border facilities and linkages leading to an integration of economic interests and lives of the people living in all parts of the world. The objective of making the world a truly inter­related, inter-dependent, developed global community governs the process of Globalisation. In the words of Baylis and Smith, “Globalisation is the process whereby social relations acquire relatively distance-less and borderless qualities.”In simple words, Globalisation means securing of socio-economic integration and development of all the people of the world through a free flow of goods, services, information, knowledge and people across the borders of all states. In a globalized economy, countries specialize in the products and services they have a competitive advantage in. This generally means what they can produce and provide most efficiently, with the least amount of resources, at a lower cost than competing nations. If all countries are specializing in what they do best, production should be more efficient worldwide, prices should be lower, economic growth widespread and all countries should benefit -- in theory.Policies that promote free trade, open borders and international cooperation all drive economic globalization. They enable businesses to access lower priced raw materials and parts, take advantage of lower cost labor markets and access larger and growing markets around the world in which to sell their goods and services.Money, products, materials, information and people flow more swiftly across national boundaries today than ever. Advances in technology have enabled and accelerated this flow and the resulting international interactions and dependencies. These technological advances have been especially pronounced in transportation and telecommunications.Among the recent technological changes that have played a role in globalization are the following:Internet and internet communication. The internet has increased the sharing and flow of information and knowledge, access to ideas and exchange of culture among people of different countries. It has contributed to closing the digital divide between more and less advanced countries.

8. Examine the concerns of developing countries regarding trade liberalisation.

 

 

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