MAW 003 SOLVED ASSIGNMENT 2021

 

ASSIGNMENT - 3

Course Code: MAW-003         

                                                                                      Maximum Marks: 100

Answer all the questions. Each question carries 20 marks

1.   Discuss the salient features of Wild Life (Protection) Act.

ANSWER -This Act provides for the protection of a listed species of animals, birds, and plants, and also for the establishment of a network of ecologically-important protected areas in the country.

• The Act provides for the formation of wildlife advisory boards, wildlife wardens, specifies their powers and duties, etc.
• It helped India become a party to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).

• CITES is a multilateral treaty with the objective of protecting endangered animals and plants.
• It is also known as the Washington Convention and was adopted as a result of a meeting of IUCN members.
• For the first time, a comprehensive list of the endangered wildlife of the country was prepared.
• The Act prohibited the hunting of endangered species.
• Scheduled animals are prohibited from being traded as per the Act’s provisions.
• The Act provides for licenses for the sale, transfer, and possession of some wildlife species.
• It provides for the establishment of wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, etc.
• Its provisions paved the way for the formation of the Central Zoo Authority. This is the central body responsible for the oversight of zoos in India. It was established in 1992.
• The Act created six schedules which gave varying degrees of protection to classes of flora and fauna.
• Schedule I and Schedule II (Part II) get absolute protection, and offences under these schedules attract the maximum penalties.
• The schedules also include species that may be hunted.
• The National Board for Wildlife was constituted as a statutory organization under the provisions of this Act.
• This is an advisory board that offers advice to the central government on issues of wildlife conservation in India.
• It is also the apex body to review and approve all matters related to wildlife, projects of national parks, sanctuaries, etc.
• The chief function of the Board is to promote the conservation and development of wildlife and forests.
• It is chaired by the Prime Minister.
• The Act also provided for the establishment of the National Tiger Conservation Authority. 
• It is a statutory body of the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change with an overall supervisory and coordination part, performing capacities as given in the Act.
• Its mandate is to strengthen tiger conservation in India.
• It gives statutory authority to Project Tiger which was launched in 1973 and has put the endangered tiger on a guaranteed path of revival by protecting it from extinction.

2.Differentiate between ex-situ and in-situ conservation of biodiversity. Write their advantages and disadvantages.

ANSWER- Both these conservation methods include the protection of both endangered plants and animals. In situ conservation protects biodiversity onsite, while ex situ conservation delineates methods of offsite biodiversity conservation. This seminal difference in the meaning of the two concepts makes other dissimilarities more prominent and noteworthy.

In Situ vs Ex Situ Conservation

The difference between in situ and ex situ conservation is that In-situ conservation connotes the act of conserving wildlife species in their natural habitats of growth. On the other hand, ex situ conservation refers to the efforts of safeguarding wildlife species outside their natural habitats and environments.

Main Differences Between In Situ and Ex Situ Conservation

·       The main difference between in situ and ex situ conservation is in terms of the definition and meaning of each term. While the former stands for the ways of conserving endangered species of plants and animals within their natural habitats, the latter refers to the ways of conserving biodiversity offsite-i.e. outside their natural habitats.

·       The second seminal difference between the two is the kind of environment and habitats created by each. While in situ conservation creates national parks and sanctuaries to protect wildlife in their natural environment, ex situ conservation uses artificially created environments that resemble the natural living space of species.

·       Greater mobility of wildlife species is guaranteed under in situ conservation, while ex situ conservation limits species mobility due to its limited space.

·       All species are allowed to adapt and multiple in the in situ conservatory methodology. Under ex situ conservation, captive breeding helps boosts the numbers of some species. However, natural adaptability is absent in the latter.

·       In situ conservation may be better suited for flora and fauna species that are abundant in numbers. When the member count of any of these species dwindles towards extinction, ex situ methods may be better suited to effectively protect the remaining members.

·       The in situ conservation techniques create a dynamic environment with constantly interacting ecological systems. The environment artificially created by ex situ conservation is comparatively static as it is not produced by the interaction of multiple ecological factors. It is simply a simulation of the real habitat of these endangered species.

·       Some well-known in situ conservation units are biosphere reserves, national parks, and sanctuaries. While ex situ conservational units include zoological parks, aquariums, and botanical gardens.

 

   3.What is meant by CPCSEA and IAEC?  Explain the roles and functions of CPCSEA and IAEC.

        ANSWER -CPCSEA

The CPCSEA refers to “The Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA)”. The Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA) is a constitutional board, which is recognized under Chapter 4, Section 15(1) of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1960. CPCSEA guidelines aim to stimulate the humane care of animals used in biomedical and behavioural investigation and testing with the basic objective of providing provisions that will improve animal well-being, quality in the pursuit of improvement of biological information is significant to humans and animals.

CPCSEA aims to confirm that animals are not exposed to unnecessary pains or suffering before, during or after the performance of experimentations on them. For this purpose, under the deputized powers, the Committee framed the ‘Breeding of and Experiments on Animals (Control and Supervision) Rules, 1998’ which were revised in 2001 and then in 2006, to standardize the research on animals.

Functions or roles of CPCSEA: -

·         Registration of establishments conducting animal experimentation or breeding of animals for this purpose.

·         Selection and assignment of nominees for the Institutional Animal Ethics Committees of the registered establishments.

·         Approval of Animal House Facilities based on reports of inspections conducted by CPCSEA.

·         Authorization for conducting experiments by use of animals.

·         Endorsement for import of animals for use in experiments.

·         Action against institutions in case of violation of any authorized norm/stipulation.

·         Organize training programmes for the Nominees of CPCSEA.

·         Conduct & support conferences or workshops on animal ethics.

IAEC: -

IAEC stands for Institutional Animal Ethics Committee. This is an indigenous body, recognized by CPCSEA, which has been authorized to permit experimentations on small animals through a revision in guidelines for Breeding and Experiments on Animals (Control and Supervision) in the year 2006.

IAEC evaluate and support all types of research proposals involving small animal experimentation before the start of the study. For the study on large animals, the case is essential to be forwarded to CPCSEA in an arranged manner with the approval of IAEC.

Composition of IAEC: -

1.      IAEC shall consist of 5 (Five) names (all from science contextual with one Veterinarian). The alignment should be as under:

¾    A Biological Scientist.

¾    Two Scientists from different biological disciplines.

¾    A Veterinarian involved in the care of Animals.

¾    Scientist In-Charge of Animal House Facility.

2.      The institution is required to upload the biodata and agreement letter of proposed IAEC members in a single PDF file.

3.      The Chairman of the IAEC (mostly Head of the Institution / Department) and Member Secretary need to be nominated by the institution from the above five members.

4.      Other members of the IAEC are. Main nominee, Link nominee, Scientist from outside and the socially aware nominee will be nominated by CPCSEA on receiving the above configuration of IAEC from the institution.

5.      At least half of the members are necessary to be replaced at the time of reconstitution of IAEC.

6.      The validity of IAEC is for 3 years.

7.      The institution shall apply in advance (15 days) for reconstitution before the expiry of the IAEC.

According to Rule 13 of the “Breeding of and Experiments on Animals” (Control and Supervision) Rules 1998, as revised, IAEC must be re-formed every three years. The main duty of a person who has been designated to represent the CPCSEA on an IAEC is the well-being and welfare of the animals housed or retained for experiments/breeding. With this in mind, the nominee should be aware of the rules central housing, experiments and after the maintenance of the animals. It is also authoritative that the nominee maintains the self-respect of the CPCSEA at all times. 

4.Define the term slaughter house. Write the prominent features of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Slaughter House) Rules.

ANSWER-  Definitions.—In these rules, unless the context otherwise requires,—

(a) “Act” means the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960 (59 of 1960);

(b) “slaughter” means the killing or destruction of any animal for the purpose of food and includes all the processes and operations performed on all such animals in order to prepare it for being slaughtered;

(c) “slaughter house” means a slaughter house wherein 10 or more than 10 animals are slaughtered per day and is duly licensed or recognised under a Central, State or Provincial Act or any rules or regulations made thereunder;

(d) “veterinary doctor” means a person registered with the Veterinary Council of India established under the Indian Veterinary Council Act, 1984 (52 of 1984).

Slaughter house building.—The different construction of a slaughter house shall be built and maintained by its owner in the manner as specified below, namely:—

(a) Plant Building.—(i) Materials used shall be impervious, easily cleansable, and resistant to wear and corrosion.

 (ii) Materials such as wood, plaster board, and porous acoustic-type boards, which are absorbent and difficult to keep clean shall not be used;

(b) Floors.—The floors shall be non-absorbent and non-slippery with rough finish and shall have suitable gradient for drainage;

(c) Coves.— Coves with radii sufficient to promote sanitation shall be installed at the juncture of floors and walls, in all rooms and which shall not be less than 100 mm;

(d) Interior Walls.—(i) Interior walls shall be smooth and flat and constructed of impervious materials such a glazed brick, glazed tile, smooth surface Portland cement plaster, or other non-toxic, non-absorber material applied to a suitable base. (ii) Walls shall be provided with suitable sanitary type bumpers to prevent damage by hand trucks, carcass shanks, and the like. (iii) The interior walls shall have washable surface up to the height of 2 metres from the floor so that the splashes may be washed and disinfected;

(e) Ceilings.—(i) Ceilings shall be of the height of 5 metres or more in workrooms and so far as structure conditions permit, ceilings shall be smooth and flat

 (ii) Ceilings shall be constructed of Portland cement plaster, large size cement asbestos boards with joints sealed with a flexible sealing compound, or other acceptable impervious material and finished so as to minimise condensation, mould development, flaking and accumulation of dirt.

 (iii) The walls above glazed type portion and ceiling shall be painted with water-resistant paint to maintain them clean;

(f) Window Ledges.—Window ledges shall be sloped at 45 degrees to promote sanitation and to avoid damage to glass in windows from impact of hand trucks and similar equipment, the windowsills shall be 1200 mm above the floor level with proper ventilation through mechanical venting or through working vents shall be provided in the roof structure;

(g) Doorways and Doors.—(i) Doorways through which product is transferred on rails or in hand trucks shall be at least 1500 mm high and shall be at least 1500 mm wide.

(ii) Doors shall either be of rust-resistant metal construction throughout, or if made with rust-resistant metal having tight softwood, they shall be clad on both sides with soldered or welded seams.

(iii) Doorjambs shall be clad with rust-resistant metal securely affixed so as to provide no crevices for dirt or vermin and the juncture at which the door joins the walls shall be effectively sealed with a flexible sealing compound;

(h) Screens and Insect control.—All windows, doorways and other openings that may admit flies shall be equipped with effective insect and rodent screens and ‘Fly chaser’ fans and ducts or air curtains shall be provided over doorways in outside wall of food handling areas that are used for dispatch or receiving;

(i) Rodent-Proofing.—Except in the case of solid masonry, walls constructed of glazed tile, glazed brick, and the like, expanded metal or wire mesh not exceeding 12.5 mm mesh, shall be embedded in walls and floor at their junction and such mesh shall extend vertically and horizontally to a sufficient distance to exclude the entrance of rats and other rodents;

(j) Vehicular areas for Trucks.—(i) Concrete paved areas, properly drained and extending at least 6 metres from building, loading docks or livestock platforms shall be provided at places where vehicles are loaded or unloaded.

 (ii) Pressure washing jets and disinfection facilities for trucks carrying animals shall also be provided at such places;

(k) Drainage.—(i) All parts of floors where wet operations are conducted shall be well drained and as far as possible, one drainage inlet shall be provided for each 37 metre square of floor space

(ii) A slope of about 20 mm per metre to drainage inlets shall be provided for usual conditions and it shall be ensured that the floor slopes uniformly to drains with no low spots, which collect liquid.

(iii) Floor drains shall not be provided in freezer rooms or dry storage areas and when floor drains are installed in rooms where the water seal in traps is likely to evaporate without replenishment, they shall be provided with suitable removable metal screw plugs;

(l) Traps and vents on drainage lines.—(i) Each floor drain, including blood drains, shall be equipped with a deep seal trap (P-, U-, or S-shape)

(ii) Drainage lines shall be properly vented to the outside air and be equipped with effective rodent screens;

(m) Sanitary drainage lines.—Drainage line from toilet pans and urinals shall not be connected with other drainage lines within the plant and shall not discharge into a grease catch basin and such lines shall be installed so that if leakage develops, it shall not affect the product or the equipment;

(n) Lighting and ventilation.—(i) Unrefrigerated work rooms shall be provided with adequate direct natural light and ventilation or ample artificial light and ventilation by mechanical means.

(ii) Uncoloured glass having a high transmissibility of light shall be used in skylights and windows.

 (iii) The glass area shall be approximately one-fourth of the floor area of a workroom and such ratio shall be increased where there are obstructions, such as adjacent buildings, overhead catwalks, and hoists, which interfere with the admittance of direct natural light.

 (iv) Distributed artificial lighting of much quality and at such distances as may be specified by the Central Government shall be provided at all places where adequate natural light is not available or is insufficient;

(o) Every abattoir shall be provided with distributed artificial light of an overall intensity of not less than 200 lux at the distances as may be specified by the Central Government throughout the slaughter hall and workrooms and at places where meat inspection is carried out, the overall intensity of artificial light shall be not less than 500 lux;

(p) every abattoir shall be provided with suitable and sufficient means of ventilation to the outside air and the construction of the slaughter hall shall be so arranged that the dressed carcasses are not exposed to direct sunlight;

(q) a sufficient, safe, potable and constant supply of fresh water shall be available at adequate pressure through the premises;

(r) the pressure for the general purpose of floor washing may preferably be 200 to 330 kPa for thorough floor cleaning;

(s) for thorough and efficient washing of carcasses, a higher pressure between 1000 kPa to 1700 kPa shall be maintained;

(t) floor washing point shall be provided preferably for minimum 37 metre square on slaughter floor and working departments;

(u) a constant supply of clean hot water shall be available in the slaughter hall and workrooms during working hours and the hot water required for frequent sterilising of equipment shall not be less than 82 degree celsius;

(v) where necessary for sanitary maintenance, equipment shall be constructed and installed so as to be completely self-draining;

(w) the following materials shall not be used in an abattoir, namely—

(i) copper and its alloys in equipment used for edible products;

(ii) cadmium in any form in equipment handling edible products;

(iii) equipment with painted surface in product zone;

(iv) enamel containers or equipment is not desirable; and

(v) lead;

(x) all permanently mounted equipment shall either be installed sufficiently away from walls (minimum 300 mm) to provide access for cleaning and inspection;

(y) all permanently mounted equipment shall either be installed sufficiently above the floor (minimum 300 mm) to provide access for cleaning and inspection or be completely sealed (watertight) to the floor area.

5.What do you understand by pet animal and pet shop?  Discuss the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Pet Shop) Rules.

 

ANSWER -A pet store or pet shop is a retail business which sells different kinds of animals, pet food, animal supplies, and pet accessories. In the USA, Pet shops often offer both hygienic care and esthetic services. Grooming is the process by which a dog or cats's physical appearance is enhanced and kept according to breed standards for competitive breed showing, for other types of competition, like creative grooming or pet tuning contests, or just to their owners tast.

New pet shop rules setting standards for animal housing and care are now in place in India. If implemented appropriately, the rules could stem the cruel practices rampant in the pet shop industry. The Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change notified the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Pet Shop) rules, 2018 in the wake of a series of representations made by Humane Society International/India and People for Animals, apprising the ministry of the cruelty found in the pet shop industry.

Animals transported and traded to meet the demand of the pet shop industry are kept in inhumane conditions. These animals are typically denied complete veterinary care; puppies are separated from their mothers soon after birth; birds, rats, mice, hamsters and guinea pigs are stuffed in small cages without access to adequate water or food. Other common harmful practices include mutilation in the form of de-beaking, tail-docking, feather plucking, nail clipping and de-clawing. An estimated 40 percent of animals die in captivity or during transportation. Pet shops often grossly violate the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 by blatantly selling wild animals.

Gauri Maulekhi, trustee at PFA and government liaison officer for HSI/India, said, “Animals sold in pet shops are treated as commodities and the cruelty they are subjected to at the hands of pet shop owners is unthinkable. The situation in pet shops demanded a crying need of a regulation and we are pleased that the Government and the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change supported us in identifying the issue. The notification of these rules is half the battle won, and what we now await is a thorough implementation of these rules to ensure that no pet shop owner is allowed to thrive illegally.”

Some of the key features of these rules are:

1. No person can operate a pet shop or carry on the business of trade in pet animals without a certificate of registration from the concerned State Animal Welfare Board. Any person already operating pet shops may apply for registration within 60 days from the date of these rules.

2. Any pet shop without a valid certificate of registration, or the failure of the person to apply for the same within a specified time period, will result in the sealing of the pet shop. Animals confiscated from such shops shall be sent to an animal welfare organization recognized by the Board.

3. Application for registration to be made to the State Board with a non-refundable fee of 5,000 INR. A separate application shall be made for every pet shop or any premises being used for the pet trade. Such a certificate shall be valid for a period of five years, non-transferable, and shall be subject to an yearly review.

4. Pet shops registered by the Board shall be inspected by an authorized veterinarian upon receipt of the application. On being satisfied that the applicant and the establishment comply with requirements under these rules, the State Board shall continue the registration.

5. The rules provide standards for accommodation, infrastructure, housing, general care, veterinary care and other operational requirements. These include the elimination of wire mesh for the floors of the enclosures, a health certificate from a veterinary practitioner for every animal on sale, and a written exercise plan for any pup over 16 weeks of age.

6. Every pet shop owner shall maintain a record book with the particulars of breeders and suppliers of pet animals, trade transactions and their details. Records of the customers buying pet animals must also be kept. Additional records required to be kept are “mortality register” and “health register.”

7. On receipt of a complaint for noncompliance of these rules by pet shop owners, an inquiry will be conducted through the local authority or SPCA. Animals found to be ill-treated or sick shall be confiscated and sent to a recognized animal welfare organization for treatment. The pet shop owner shall be liable for any expenses incurred for the care and treatment of such animals.

8. If violations are discovered during the inspection, the State Board shall issue the owners a notice of show cause. The State Board may, if it is not satisfied with the response received, or if no response received from the owners, cancel the registration and communicate the reasons in writing. Subject to appeal, the pet shop may be sealed or registration reinstated as the case may be.

9. Every registered pet shop owner is required to submit an annual report to the State Board detailing the total number of animals traded, boarded or exhibited during the previous year.

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