MEVE 018 Solved Assignment 2021-22

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Course Code : MEVE 018

Course Title : INSTRUMENTATION TECHNIQUES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

Assignment Code : MEVE 018/TMA-01/2021-2022

Coverage : All Blocks

Note: This assignment is based on the entire course. Answer any five questions. MEVE 018 Solved Assignment 2021-22 All question carries equal marks. The marks for each question are indicated against it within brackets on the right-hand side. Please write all answers in your own words.

1. What are different methods employed in air sampling? Explain.

Air sampling is one of the most important and difficult steps in the surveillance of air pollution. Particulate air sampling techniques include filtration, electrostatic precipitation, thermal precipitation, gravitational settling, centrifugal separation, and impingement. When the concentration of the radioactive component is high, the sampling procedure is simple. An enclosed metal or glass vessel equipped with inlet and outlet valves is filled simply by passing air through the vessel and subsequently closing the valves. When the radioactive component is present at a lower concentration, it is necessary to concentrate this radioactive component during the sampling procedure by using either sorption or compression. The absorption of carbon dioxide (14CO2) in alkali and the adsorption of radon on charcoal are examples of such procedures.

In the case of air sampling by absorption in a collecting liquid solution, it is often advantageous to extract the absorbed analytes or concentrate them on ion-exchange materials, followed by elution. It is possible to dissolve the aerosols from the collecting filters and concentrate the analytes by ion exchange or extraction. Sometimes it is necessary to combine several filters to obtain sufficient analyte for measurement.

Wet- or dry-ashing technique may be needed to prepare particulates for dissolution. Aerosols and filter media are mineralized for these techniques.

Methods for sampling can be divided into two groups. In the first, the α-, β-, or γ-activity (or γ-spectrum) is to be measured. In the second, a radiochemical analysis for certain radionuclides is to be performed.

For direct measurement, the sample is prepared by drawing a certain amount of air through a filter. To measure α- and β-activities, the aerosols must be retained on the filter surface. Membrane filters, plastic filters, and glass fiber filters are used. For γ-activity measurement, the filters need not retain the sample at the surface.

When a radiochemical analysis has to be performed, the retention of aerosols on the filter surface is not necessary, and those filters that yield only small amounts of ash are preferred. This requirement is best satisfied with cellulose filters. In addition to filtration, radioactive aerosols can also be concentrated by electrostatic or thermal precipitation.

In water sampling, close attention must be given to the type of sample, the sampling equipment, sample container, holding times, and proper preconcentration techniques. In the case of radioactive material, it is very important that they are present generally in extremely low concentrations in water, so that sorption and volatilization can occur. It has been recommended that preservatives be added at the time of sampling unless suspended and dissolved fractions are to be separated. Concentrated hydrochloric or nitric acid may be used to adjust the pH (usually to <2). Acidified samples should be held for at least 16 h before analysis. All preservatives and reagents should be tested for radioactivity, as well as all sampling equipment and containers. Because of the extremely low concentrations of many water constituents (μg l−1), it is frequently necessary to concentrate samples before analysis.

Sampling of aquatic and atmospheric systems is relatively straightforward because of the basic simplicity of the sample matrix. The situation is somewhat different in the lithosphere, where there are far greater variations. Rock and minerals of greatly differing accessibility, vegetation, animals, and various fluids (including water and sludges) may be present in different sampling situations.

In the preparation of samples from biological materials, the time between sampling and analysis should be kept as short as possible. For storage times of a few (2 or 3) days, refrigeration at 4°C may be adequate. In favorable cases, holding times can be prolonged by the addition of chemical preservatives (e.g., formalin (formaldehyde, HCHO) and alcohol). Dehydration (by drying, combustion, and lyophilization) is also used.

Plant materials should be carefully washed free from sands, soils, and other physical artifacts. After draining away the wash water, leaves, stems, seeds, and fruits must be dried. Undried components are homogenized with a blender with glass walls and high-quality stainless-steel blades. Dry biological samples (seeds and grains) are generally ground in mills and sieved through fine-mesh screens to obtain uniformly sieved material.

Human and animal tissues are generally cut into thin sections or ground in mills. In some cases, samples are mineralized by dry- or wet-ashing technique.

2. What are the different components of HPLC? Explain its applications.

3. How does the TLC work? Explain its applications.

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4. Explain the following with suitable examples 

a. Polymerase Chain Reaction 

b. Flow Cytometry 

c. Cytophotometry 

d. Biosensors

5. What are immunoassay techniques? Explain the working of enzyme immunoassays.

6. What are microarrays? Explain their applications. What are the main technologies used in microarrays?

7. What is hybrid nanopores? What advantages they have over other nanopore sequencing methods?

8. Describe the applications of capillary electrophoresis in analysis of environmental pollutants?

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IGNOU MSCENV Solved Assignment

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